Fashion designers are starting to use all kinds of technology in their garments. Scientific progress has always been an important part of shoe design — the invention of vulcanized rubber by Charles Goodyear directly led to boots that could climb Mount Everest, for example — and pro athletes consistently turn to Nike, Reebok, and other companies to create performance-enhancing footwear.
Here are 11 pairs of shoes for the future, some that heal themselves, give you directions, and even generate electricity.