Silicon computer chips have been the cornerstone of technology for over half a century. Today, the tiniest features on commercially available chips are around 3 nanometers, a remarkable feat considering a human hair is roughly 80,000 nanometers wide. Shrinking these features further is essential to meet our growing demand for more memory and processing power. However, we are approaching the limits of what can be achieved with traditional materials and processes.

Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) are pioneering the next generation of computer chips. They are leveraging their expertise in physics, chemistry, and computer modeling to explore new materials and processes that can produce chips with even smaller features.

Gallium nitride (GaN)-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have revolutionized the lighting industry, offering superior energy efficiency, extended operating life, and enhanced environmental sustainability over conventional lighting technologies. Recently, the push toward miniaturizing LEDs has gained momentum, driven by advancements in display devices, augmented reality, virtual reality, and other emerging technologies. However, the lack of cost-effective native substrates and high threading dislocation density in heteroepitaxial films grown on sapphire substrates remain significant obstacles to improving device performance. Additionally, Fresnel reflections at the epitaxy-substrate interface, caused by abrupt changes in refractive indices, further reduce light energy utilization.

Inspired by the compound eyes of moths, which exhibit excellent anti-reflective properties and strong light-absorption capabilities, researchers have sought to improve light utilization in LEDs. The challenge, however, lies in the rapid and precise processing of microstructures on the curved surfaces of optoelectronic devices. “Common projection lithography methods are highly sensitive to substrate shape, leading to reduced accuracy in microstructure definition on substrates with large warps or irregular shapes,” explains Professor Shengjun Zhou. “We propose a flexible nanoimprint lithography technique that enables high-throughput and high-quality processing of bionic microstructures on curved surfaces.”

In a world where many regions struggle to secure enough water, MIT researchers have developed a new water harvester capable of extracting sufficient fresh water from the air to meet the daily needs of several people.

Water harvesters typically use adsorbent materials to collect water on their surfaces. This new device from MIT maximizes exposure to air with a series of vertical fins spaced 2 mm (0.08 in) apart. These fins are constructed from copper sheets sandwiched in copper foams and coated with a specialized zeolite material, renowned for its water adsorption properties. After an hour, the fins become saturated with water, at which point the copper sheets are heated to release the collected water. Repeating this cycle 24 times a day in air with 30% humidity (considered arid), the harvester can produce up to 1.3 L (0.3 gal) of drinkable water per day per liter of the adsorbent coating. When scaled up, this equates to 5.8 L (1.5 gal) per kilogram (2.2 lb) of material used per day, enough to meet the daily water needs of several people.

A groundbreaking Nano Transparent Screen (NTS) has been developed and commercialized for the first time in the world. This innovative screen can adjust its transparency according to the environment and can be produced at a low cost, paving the way for the widespread adoption of large transparent screens, which until now have been prohibitively expensive. The newly developed screen is expected to find applications across various products, such as transparent displays in department stores and supermarkets, smart windows for buildings, and versatile transparent displays suitable for both indoor and outdoor promotional uses.

The research team, led by Principal Researcher Jun-Ho Jeong of the Nano-lithography and Manufacturing Research Center at the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), in collaboration with Meta2People, has successfully commercialized a 100-inch large-sized NTS. This screen’s transparency can be freely adjusted depending on the surrounding lighting and images. The NTS was installed in the outdoor space of the “Youth Mall” located in Chungju in June and will be showcased at the International Nano Technology Exhibition, known as “Nano Korea 2024,” from July 3 to July 5, 2024, at KINTEX in Ilsan.